~ Biographies Of Indian Painters ~

[MysteRy]

India have produced several great painters who have influenced the world through their sensitivities. Paintings of some of the Indian painters such as M.F. Husain and Tyeb Mehta have fetched astronomical sums at international auctions. This proves the popularity of Indian painters across the world. Here is a brief profile of famous Indian painters.


Amrita Shergill Biography

Born: 1913
Died: December 6, 1941
Achievements: One of the most promising Indian artists of the pre-colonial era; youngest ever and the only Asian to be elected as Associate of the Grand Salon in Paris.

Amrita Shergill was a renowned Indian painter. She was one of the most charismatic and promising Indian artists of the pre-colonial era. Most of her paintings reflect vividly her love for the country and more importantly her response to the life of its people.

Amrita Shergill was born in Hungary in 1913. Her father was a Sikh aristocrat and her mother was Hungarian. Both her parents were artistically inclined. Her father, Umrao Singh Majitha, was a Sanskrit Scholar and her mother, Marie Antoinette, was a pianist. Amrita spent her early childhood in the village of Dunaharasti in Hungary. In 1921 her family moved to Shimla. It was at this time that Amrita Shergil developed interest in painting. An Italian sculpture used to live in Shimla. In 1924, when the Italian sculpture moved to Italy, Amrita Shergill’s mother too moved with her along with Amrita.

In Italy Amrita was enrolled at Santa Anunciata, a Roman Catholic institution. Amrita did not like the strict discipline of the Catholic school but on the flip side she was exposed to the works of the Italian masters and this further fanned her interest in painting. In 1927, Amrita Shergil returned to India and began taking lessons in painting under Ervin Backlay. But Ervin’s insistence that Amrita should copy real life models exactly as she saw them irked Amrita and thus her painting stint under Ervin Backlay was short lived.

In 1929, at the age of sixteen, Amrita Shergil sailed to France to study Art. She took a degree in Fine Arts from the Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris. She also learnt to speak and write French. It was in France that she started painting seriously. The Torso, one of her early paintings was a masterly study of a nude which stood out for its cleverness of drawing and bold modeling. In 1933, Amrita completed Young Girls. Critics and Art enthusiasts were so impressed by Young Girls that Amrita Shergill was elected as Associate of the Grand Salon in Paris. Amrita was the youngest ever and the only Asian to be honored thus.

In 1934, Amrita Shergill returned to India and evolved her own distinct style which, according to her, was fundamentally Indian in subject, spirit, and technical expression. Now the subject of his paintings were the poor, the villagers and beggars. In 1937, Amrita Shergill went on a tour of South India. This gave her the opportunity to achieve the simplicity she always wanted in her paintings. In 1938, Amrita Shergill went to Hungary and married her cousin Victor Egan much to the opposition of her parents. She married purely for security reasons as she felt that she was essentially weak and needed someone to take care of her. In 1939, Amrita Shergill returned back to India and started painting again. After her return her health deteriorated and she died on December 6, 1941.

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Jamini Roy Biography

Born: 1887
Died: 1972
Achievements: Developed a personal painting style inspired largely by traditional Indian folk and village arts, particularly those of Bengal. Through his paintings he gave expression to the scenes of everyday life of the people of rural Bengal

Jamini Roy was one of the most significant and influential painters of the 20th century. He was born in a middle-class family in 1887 at Beliator village in Bankura district of Bengal. His father Ramataran Roy was an amateur artist who, after resignation from government service, spent the rest of his life in his village amidst the potters.

In 1903, at the age of sixteen, Jamini Roy came to Calcutta and studied at the Government School of Art. He learnt academic methods then in vogue in the West, and achieved his early fame as a portrait painter in the European tradition. However, soon Jamini Roy cultivated a personal painting style inspired largely by traditional Indian folk and village arts, particularly those of Bengal. Jamini Roy, through his oil paintings, gave expression to the scenes of every-day life of the people of rural Bengal.

For his paintings, Jamini Roy selected themes from joys and sorrows of everyday life of rural Bengal, religious theme like-Ramayana, Sri Chaitanya, Radha-Krishna and Jesus Christ, but he depicted them without narratives. Apart from this he painted scenes form the lives of the aboriginal Santhals, such as 'Santhals engaged in drum-beating' 'Santhal Mother and Child' 'Dancing Santhals' etc.

In his career as an artist Jamini Roy earned fame by evolving his own language of painting which he termed as 'Flat Technique'. Jamini Roy used cheap indigenous pigments for his art to make them within the reach of the affluent as well as the poor. Like the pata-painters of Bengal he proposed his own paintings from indigenous materials like lampblack, chalk-powder, leaves and creepers.

The exposition of Jamini Roy's works were first held in British India Street (Calcutta) in 1938. Jamini Roy's pictures become very popular during the 1940s and clientele included both the Bengali middle class and European community. In 1946, his work was exhibited in London and in 1953 in New York.

Jamini Roy was honored with the Padma Bhushan in 1955. He died in 1972 in Calcutta.

Some of his famous paintings are:
Santhal Boy with Drum
Cats Sharing a Prawn
St. Ann and the Blessed Virgin
Makara
Cats Plus
Seated Woman in Sari
Krishna And Radha Dancing
Kitten
Virgin And Child
Crucifixion with Attendant Angels
Ravana, Sita And Jatayu
Warrior King
Krishna with Gopis in Boat
Krishna and Balarama

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Raja Ravi Varma Biography

Born: April 29, 1848
Died: October 2, 1906
Achievements: Raja Ravi Varma was one of the greatest painters in the history of Indian Arts. He brought Indian painting to the attention of the larger world; provided a vital link between the traditional Indian art and the contemporary art.

Raja Ravi Varma is considered as one of the greatest painters in the history of Indian Arts. He is famous for his depiction of scenes from the epics of the Mahabharata and Ramayana. Raja Ravi Varma is most remembered for his paintings of beautiful sari clad women, who were portrayed as very shapely and graceful. He is considered as modern among traditionalists and a rationalist among moderns.

Raja Ravi Varma was born on April 29, 1848 in the royal palace of Kilimanoor, 25 miles from Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala, India. His parents were Umamba Thampuratti and Neelakandan Bhattathiripad. At the age of seven years he started drawing on the palace walls using charcoal. His uncle Raja Raja Varma noticed the talent of Ravi Verma and gave him preliminary lessons in painting. At the age of 14, Ayilyam Thirunal Maharaja took him to Travancore Palace and he was taught water painting by the palace painter Rama Swamy Naidu. He was later given lessons in oil painting by a British painter, Theodor Jenson.

In 1873, Ravi Varma won the first prize at the Madras Painting Exhibition. He achieved worldwide acclaim after he won an award for an exhibition of his paintings at Vienna in 1873. He traveled throughout India in search of subjects. He often modeled Hindu Goddesses on South Indian women, whom he considered beautiful. He stayed in the city of Bombay in Maharashtra for some years and drew many a beautiful Maharashtrian woman.

Ravi Varma is particularly noted for his paintings depicting episodes from the story of Dushyanta and Shakuntala, and Nala and Damayanti, from the Mahabharata. Raja Ravi Varma was fascinated by the power and forceful expression of European paintings, which came across to him as strikingly contrasting to stylized Indian artwork. His paintings are considered to be among the best examples of the fusion of Indian traditions with the techniques of European academic art..

Some of the famous paintings of Raja Ravi Varma are:
Lady Lost in Thought
Damayanti Talking to a Swan
The Orchestra
Arjuna and Subhadra
Lady with Fruit
The Heartbroken
Swarbat Player
Shakuntala
Lord Krishna as Ambassador
Jatayu, a bird devotee of Lord Rama is mauled by Rawana
Victory of Meghanada
A Family of Beggars
A Lady Playing Swarbat
Lady Giving Alms at the Temple
Lord Rama Conquers Varuna
Romancing Couple
Draupadi Dreading to Meet Kichaka
Shantanu and Matsyagandha
Shakuntala Composing a Love Letter to King Dushyanta
Girl in Sage Kanwa's Hermitage

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Tyeb Mehta Biography

Born: July 26, 1925
Death: July 2, 2009
Achievement: Held the record for the highest price for which an Indian painting has ever been auctioned; Recipient of Kalidas Samman and Padma Bhushan

Tyeb Mehta was a well known Indian artist, who was known all over the world for his brilliant painting. A multifaceted personality, he also dabbled in filmmaker and made a mark there. He held the record for the highest price for which an Indian painting has ever been sold, in a public auction. It was his triptych painting Celebration that, on being sold for 15 million Indian rupees ($300,000 USD), gave him this honor.

Tyeb Mehta was born on July 26, 1925 in Kapadvanj, Gujarat. He initially worked as a film editor in a cinema laboratory. However, his interest in painting took him to Sir J.J. School of Art, Bombay, where he studied painting from 1947 to 1952. There, Mehta also came in contact with Akbar Padamsee and became a close associate of the painters in the Progressive Artists' Group.

In 1954, Tyeb Mehta visited London and Paris for four months, following which he returned to India to concentrate on painting and sculpture. He took part in numerous group exhibitions and organized his first solo exhibition of drawings, paintings and sculptures at the Jehangir Art Gallery, Bombay, in 1959. He lived and worked in London from 1959 to 1965.

Tyeb Mehta returned to India in 1965 and lived in Delhi till 1968. In 1968, he visited United States, on a Rockefeller Fellowship. Around this time, he also dabbled in films. His film 'Koodal' won the Film fare Critic's Award in 1970. In the 1980s, he worked as an Artist in Residence in Shantiniketan. He was also awarded the Kalidas Samman by the Madhya Pradesh Government in 1988.

In his lifetime, Tyeb Mehta participated in several international shows, like Ten Contemporary Indian Painters at Trenton in the U.S. - 1965; Deuxieme Biennial Internationale de Menton - 1974; Festival Intemationale de la Peinture, Cagnes-Sur-Mer, France - 1974; Modem Indian Paintings at Hirschhom Museum; Washington - 1982; and Seven Indian Painters at Gallerie Le Monde de U art, Paris - 1994.

On 2nd July 2009, Tyeb Mehta left for the holy abode, following a heart attack. He is survived by his wife - Sakina, a son and a daughter. Tyeb Mehta's large body of work, spanning over six decades, established him as one of the greatest names in the field of Modern Indian Art. His paintings raised numerous questions about the human condition, some of which remain unanswered till date.

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MF Husain Biography

Born On: September 17, 1915
Born In: Pandharpur, Bombay Presidency
Died On: June 9, 2011
Career: Painter, Writer
Nationality: Indian

It wouldn't be wrong to say that painting was the life and soul of MF Husain. Blessed with one of the best gifts of God - art, Husain knew exactly how to make paintings speak for themselves. Over his tenure as a painter, he is claimed to have painted about 60, 000 paintings in topics as diverse as Mohandas K. Gandhi, Mother Teresa, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the British Raj, and motifs of Indian urban and rural life. Maqbool Fida Husain, popularly known as MF Husain, was, indeed, one of the prominent figures that India ever gave birth to. Known for his vigorous appreciation of God's creations, particularly humans, he went on to create some masterpieces, to be remembered for lifetime. Such was his scrutiny that he could portray circumstances and situations even with a pencil sketch. He is considered to be one such individual who blended ethnic and mythological themes to come up with luminous and incredible art forms.

Early Life
Born in 1915, MF Husain came from a traditional Muslim background. He was born in Pandharpur, Bombay Presidency in British India. His mother, Zunaib died when he was one and a half years old. Thereafter, his father, Fida remarried a girl named Shireen and shifted to Indore. Husain was extremely close to his grandfather, from whom he drew his major inspiration. Unfortunately, his grandfather could not accompany him for long as he passed away when Husain was just 6. Husain's formal education began at Sidhpur in Gujarat where he underwent 2 years of rigorous training in Indian religions. From here, he was transferred to an Islamic boarding school, Darul Talaba in Baroda. However, owing to his miserable performance, his father apprenticed him to a tailor and later to a draughtsman, hoping that he would pick up a profession. Interestingly, his father was very supportive towards his love for art. Seeing his possession and passion for art, he even gifted him an Agfa box camera. When Husain was just 16, his father rented a room in the neighboring house where Husain could paint in complete privacy. He gained interest in English literature, courtesy his neighbor, Yavar, from where he started reading Shakespeare, John Ruskin, and books on British painters.

Early Career Life
In 1935, Husain moved to Mumbai for the first time at the age of 20 and took admission in J.J. School of Arts. He earned his living by painting cinema hoardings and whenever he managed to save some money, he used to travel to Baroda, Surat, and Ahmedabad to paint landscapes. Since painting hoardings did not give him much of an earning, he tried his luck in other jobs. Amongst them, working at the toy factory proved to be the best paying job, where he was engaged in designing and building fretwork toys. After struggling and experiencing hardships for years in Mumbai, Husain finally received recognition in the late 1940s. Though in 1944, he received an offer from Fantasy for designing children's furniture and later in 1947 from Kamdars, a famous design company, his initial love remained painting.

Career as a Painter
In 1947, Husain's painting 'Sunhera Sansaar' was exhibited at Bombay Art Society for the first time. The same year saw India's independence, after which, he decided to stay back in India. Soon after, Progressive Artists' Group (PAG) was formed by the artist Francis Newton Souza. Husain was amongst the early members and became the secretary of the group in 1949. This was just the first step towards the historic success that Husain went on to make later on. His first solo exhibition was held in Zurich in 1952, followed by a series of successful exhibitions across Europe and US. In 1971, he was sent a special invitation along with the legendary Pablo Picasso at the Sao Paulo Biennial. He was nominated at the Rajya Sabha for a term in 1986.

Career as a Filmmaker
Besides earning the title of the most eminent and highest paid Indian painter, Husain also tried his hand at film direction. His first film 'Through the Eyes of a Painter' produced in 1967 was victorious in bagging the Golden Bear at the Berlin Film Festival. Husain was so obsessed with the stunning Bollywood actress Madhuri Dixit that he considered her as his muse. He even went ahead to make a film with her, titled 'Gaja Gamini' in 2000. Besides, Dixit remained the subject of his numerous paintings, which he titled 'Fida'. Apart from Dixit, Husain also made a film titled 'Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities' with Tabu, another Bollywood artiste, in 2004. Amrita Rao and Anushka Sharma are couple of other Bollywood actress who had cast a charm on Husain.

Controversies
Husain was not just renowned for his exemplary paintings and portrayal of human figures, but he was also the center of controversies. His nude portraits of Hindu gods and goddesses or in an allegedly sexual manner captured a lot of eyeballs but all for the wrong reasons. Although the paintings were created in 1970, they did not become an issue till 1996, until they were published in a Hindi monthly magazine, Vichar Mimansa. The very instant response resulted in eight criminal complaints against Husain on the pretext of promoting enmity between Hindu goddesses, Durga and Saraswati, which was dismissed by Delhi High Court. Later in 1998, Hindu groups, like Bajrang Dal attacked his house and destroyed his paintings. The extent of the protests was such intense that his exhibition due in London was called off.

In 2004, after the release of his film 'Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities' starring Tabu, he was objected by some Muslim organizations for using words directly from the Holy Quran in the Qawwali song 'Noor-un-Ala-Noor'. As a result, the movie was removed from cinema halls, just a day after its release. The complaint, lodged by the All-India Ulema Council, was supported by other Muslim organizations, such as the Milli Council, All-India Muslim Council, Raza Academy, Jamiat-ul-Ulema-e-Hind, and Jamat-e-Islami.

Yet again in February 2006, Husain again became the talk of the town when he again painted Bharatmata (Mother India) as a nude woman across the map of India with different Indian state names on various parts of the body. This nude portrayal was highly objected by Hindu Jagriti Samiti and Vishva Hindu Parishad, which resulted in the issue of a non-bailable warrant. Although Husain apologized and withdrew the painting from the auction, the painting was published on his official website. He left India in 2006 and went on a self-imposed exile, settling in Dubai. Later in 2010, he was offered the citizenship of Qatar, which he readily agreed. Thereafter, he had divided his time between homes in Qatar and London.

Awards & Recognition
Husain had been honored with India's three most prestigious civilian awards, Padma Shree in 1955, Padma Bhushan in 1973, and Padma Vibhushan in 1991, for his distinguished contribution in the field of art. His 'Battle of Ganga and Jamuna: Mahabharata 12' successfully fetched $ 1.6 million in 2008, a world record at Christie's South Asian Modern and Contemporary Art sale. The same year, he was presented with the esteemed Raja Ravi Verma award by the Government of Kerala. He was also fortunate enough to have his name included in the list of '500 Most Influential Muslims in the World', released by the Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Center, Amman, Jordan.

Personal Life
Husain married Mehmoodabibi's daughter, Fazila on March 11th, 1941 in the presence of his father and some close friends. His wife was a constant support and inspiration who encouraged him to be firm in his beliefs.

Death
Being unwell for over a month, Husain died of a heart attack in London. He breathed his last at the Royal Brompton Hospital on June 9, 2011; thus, bringing an end to the tenure of a genius and Picasso of India. His body was kept at Idara-e-Jaaferiya, a funeral parlor at Tooting, to let the public pay their homage to the legendary painter. He was buried on June 10, 2011 at the Brookwood Cemetery at Woking in Surrey, at the city's outskirts.

Timeline
1915: Born in Pandharpur, Bombay Presidency, British India
1935: Came to Bombay and joined JJ School of Arts
1941: Married Fazila on March 11
1947: Sunhera Sansaar' exhibited at Bombay Art Society for the first time
1947: Joined Progressive Arts' Group (PAG)
1949: Became secretary of PAG
1952: First solo exhibition held in Zurich
1955: Honored with Padma Shree Award
1967: First film 'Through the Eyes of a Painter' won a Golden Bear
1971: Invited at the Sao Paulo Biennial, along with Pablo Picasso
1973: Awarded the Padma Bhushan
1986: Nominated to the Rajya Sabha
1991: Bestowed with Padma Vibhushan
1996: Accused of portraying Hindu deities nude in allegedly sexual manner
2000: 'Gaja Gamini', featuring his muse Madhuri Dixit, was released
2004: 'Meenaxi: A City of Three Cities' was released
2006: Charged with depicting Mother India as a nude woman
2006: Went on a self-imposed exile to Dubai
2008: 'Battle of Ganga and Jamuna: Mahabharata 12' successfully fetched $ 1.6 million
2008: Conferred upon with Raja Ravi Verma Award by the Government of Kerala
2010: Accepted Qatar citizenship
2011: Died on June 9 due to a heart attack in London, England
2011: Buried at Brookwood Cemetery, Woking in Surrey

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Anjolie Ela Menon Biography

Anjolie Ela Menon is among India's lending contemporary female artists, who have created a name for themselves in the domestic as well as international art scenario. Her works are a part of significant painting collections across the globe. One of her art works, 'Yatra' was recently picked up by the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco at California in the year 2006. Anjolie Ela Menon normally prefers to work with the oil on masonite medium, though she has also worked with other mediums like glass and water color.

Read on to get more information about the biography of Anjolie Ela Menon. She was born in the year 1940 in the Indian state of West Bengal of a mixed Bengal and American parentage. She was a student of Lawrence School, Lovedale situated in the lovely hills of Nilgiri, Tamil Nadu. Anjolie Ela Menon was so adept at painting that by the time she left school at the age of 15, she had already sold away few of her works.

After this, she pursued her studies at the Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art, Mumbai and then went on to obtain a degree in English Literature from Delhi University. During this phase, she developed a deep appreciation for the works of artists like Italian artist, Modigliani and Indian painters like Amrita Shergil and MF Hussain. It was at the tender age of 18 that Anjolie Ela Menon showcased her solo works. There were in total 53 paintings included in this exhibition.

The life history of Anjolie Ela Menon's career soared smoothly upwards in the time to come. Impressed by her creative adeptness, the French government offered her a scholarship to study at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. And Menon fully utilized this time to travel incisively in Europe and West Asia studying Romanesque and Byzantine art before returning back home to India. She later wedded her childhood love, Raja Menon, who was an officer in the Indian navy.

After her marriage to Raja Menon, Anjolie Ela Menon has stayed and worked on in India, US as well as other countries in Europe and Japan. She is credited to have had over 30 solo shows in all these countries. She is also a well-known muralist and been honored with the Padma Shree, one of the highest civilian awards in India. Based on her life and work, a book "ANJOLIE ELA MENON: Paintings in Private Collections" was recently published.

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Francis Newton Souza Biography

Born on 12 April 1924 to a Goan couple, Francis Newton Souza was an eminent Indian artist of his time. He was among that early crop of painters who hold the credit of popularizing Indian art in the western countries. Francis Newton Souza was the student of the Sir JJ School of Art in the Mumbai city. But he was later thrown out because he relentlessly and openly supported the Quit India movement at the time the country was under the British rule. To know more about the life history of FN Souza, read on this biography.

Francis Newton Souza established the Bombay Progressive Artists' Group to instill confidence and boost the morale of the follow artists. The main intention was to encourage Indian artists to participate in the international avant-garde. However, after India gained freedom from the British rule, FN Souza shifted to London in the United Kingdom. Soon one of his works got selected by the Institute of Contemporary Art that displayed it in a 1954 exhibition. After this, many more such shows followed.

The life history of the career of FN Souza simply seemed to soar higher from here onwards. And the release of his autobiographical work Nirvana of a Maggot in Encounter edited by Stephen Spender further helped to enhance his public image. His literary reputation got cemented by the publication of his book Words and Lines in the year 1959. Souza's career developed steadily and he got rave reviews from everywhere. After the year 1967, FN Souza shifted to the New York city, but returned to India shortly before his death.

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Rameshwar Broota Biography

Born in the year 1941 at Delhi, Rameshwar Broota has emerged as one of the most prominent painters of India in the present times. Having an innate passion for art, he joined the College of Art in the capital city during the year 1964. And he went to become the head of the well-known institute Triveni Kala Sangam devoted to the promotion of art and culture in the year 1967. Since then he has been encouraging and guiding young talents at the institute. Read on about the biography of Rameshwar Broota.

The dire poverty and misery of people all round anguished Broota too much when he was young. As such, most of his early paintings are a pungent reminder and pointer at the sorry state of affairs in the society during his time. Many of his works made satirical remark at the rampant corruption. Among his famous works is the Gorilla Series, in which Broota had painted 'humanized' gorillas. Though not a very prolific artist, Rameshwar Broota developed his own style with time.

Here's more information about the life history of Rameshwar Broota. Once Broota inculcated his own distinct style, he started painting mainly in monochromes. The surface of the canvas is usually painted in matte black and Broota works with a thin blade to create light and forms. The paintings of Broota feature on monumental humans with all of them wounded, hardened and somehow dehumanized.

Broota has participated in many painting exhibitions like 'Pictorial Space' at the Lalit Kala Akademi in New Delhi (1 977), 'India: Myth and Reality' at the Museum of Modem Art at Oxford (1982) and so on. Broota has been the recipient of many awards like the three National Awards from the Lalit Kala Akademi during the years 1980, 1981 and 1984 respectively, the AIFACS Awards in 1973 and 1975 and the Hyderabad Art Society Award for Graphics in 1976 and many others. Rameshwar Broota lives and works in New Delhi.

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SH Raza Biography

S.H. Raza, who was born in the year 1922 as Syed Haider Raza, is a internationally acclaimed Indian painter. Though he has resided and worked from France since the 1950s, yet he maintains close association with his motherland till date. Though he incepted doing figurative paintings, he gradually moved on to abstract later on. Today, all his works are abstracts in either oil or acrylic with normally use of very vibrant hues. Recently, a painting of SH Raza sold for US 1.4 million dollars in the 2006 auction.

Here's more of SH Raza's biography. Raza attended the Nagpur School of Art and then the Sir J. J. School of Art in Mumbai before shifting to France in the year 1949 to study at the Ecole Nationale des Beaux-Arts at Paris. In recognition to his marvelous contribution in the sphere of art, the Indian government gave him the Padma Shri in the year 1981. SH Raza is also a Fellow of the Lalit Kala Akademi at New Delhi in India. Further on, the state government of the place of his birth, Madhya Pradesh, awarded him the Kalidas Samman.

Raza is married to a French artist, Janine Mongillat. An active member of the revolutionary Bombay Progressive Artists' Group, the life history of SH Raza's career saw him paint on themes related to Western Modernism and then he slowly shifted from Expressionist towards the abstraction mode. Presently his works feature elements of Tantrism inspired from Indian scriptural texts. In other words, his paintings showcasing landscapes and townscapes during the 40's gradually metamorphosed to become expressive abstract works.

In the inception, SH Raza was very impressed by the picturesque countryside of rural France. His work 'Eglise', thus, captures the undulating terrain and exotic village architecture of this region. If his landscapes earlier were very vibrant looking, now they have donned a more subtle tone. With time, Raza discarded the expressionistic style totally and instead settled for the geometric abstraction and the Bindu or dot.

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Manjit Bawa Biography

Born On: 1941
Born In: Dhuri, Punjab
Died On: December 29, 2008
Career: Painter
Nationality: Indian

Manjit Bawa, known for his striking portrayal of spirituality and simplicity through his paintings, was a one of the highly-skilled artists India has had. Born in a small town of Dhuri, Punjab; it was tough-going for him to bring out his love for spirituality and nature onto the canvas, but thanks to his faith in the almighty and his elder brothers' faith in his abilities, who backed up his talent and supported him to pursue what he loved, Manjit not only realized his dreams but also made it big in the Indian world of painting. It was under Abani Sen that Manjit gained a distinct identity and sharpened his skills as a painter. Many of his works include depiction of spiritual figures and other figures in a non-cliched and subtle way that has set him apart from the rest. Drawing was his first love and he enjoyed doing it till the end.

Early Life
Manjit Bawa was born in the year 1941 in a small town of Dhuri in Punjab. Being brought up on the mythological stories of Mahabharata, Ramayana, and the Puranas; poetry of a Punjabi poet Waris Shah, and readings from the Guru Granth Sahib; these became his source of inspiration. Also, being one with the nature from the early years was instrumental in making his zeal for painting all the more evident. Although his mother didn't approve of his interest on account of it not being a means to earn a livelihood, he made no qualms about it and believed that God would provide him with food and rest.

It was Manjit's elder brothers who backed him up and encouraged him to pursue his interest, and he ended up at School of Art, Delhi Polytechnic, New Delhi, and studied the finesse of arts from 1958 to 1963 under the guidance of his professors Somnath Hore, Rakesh Mehra, Dhanraj Bhagat, and B.C Sanyal. But it is to Abani Sen to whom Manjit gives credit - "But I gained an identity under Abani Sen. Sen would ask me to do 50 sketches every day, only to reject most of them. As a result I inculcated the habit of working continuously. He taught me to revere the figurative at a time when the entire scene was leaning in favor of the abstract. Without that initial training I could never have been able to distort forms and create the stylization you see in my work today."

Career & Works
Manjit never worked on demand but always followed his heart and mind, for he felt that everything has a time and place. He believed that by using the minimum essentials, he could extract the maximum effect out of his work. He was one of the few painters to break away from the use of grays and browns (a style made popular by the British) and opted for the exuberance of the natural colors like orange, blue, red, and green as he believed that bright colors are closer to the hearts of most Indians. He worked as a silk screen printer in Britain between 1964 and 1971, and also studied the art. After returning to India, when faced with the predicament of what to paint, as he couldn't settle for European style of painting; he decided to bring up his inspirations from the Indian mythology, poetry of Waris Shah, and readings from the holy book of Sikhs - Guru Granth Sahib; to canvas.

However, mythology and spiritual readings weren't the only source of his inspiration. Having visited most of the places and drawing their countryside onto the canvas; it was the simplicity of the colors and people from across the places, his interest for the flute that he learnt to play when he was young from the maestro Pannalal Ghosh himself, and being one with the nature at an early age that fascinated him to draw inspiration. It is precisely the reason why mythological figures, flute, and birds and animals kept appearing in many of his acclaimed paintings like Krishna and the Bull, Ranjha, Govardhan, After 84, Heer etc. Also, he never hesitated to use figures of Kali and Shiva in his canvases as he deemed them as "the icons of my country". Emerging from early criticisms, over the time, his paintings have attracted Indian as well international buyers.

Awards & Honors
2002: 'Meeting Manjit', film on Manjit Bawa directed by Buddhadeb Dasgupta, received the National Award for Best Documentary
1986: 1st Bharat Bhawan Biennale, Bhopal
1981: All India Exhibition of Prints and Drawings, Chandigarh
1980: National Award, Lalit Kala Akademi, New Delhi
1963: Sailoz Prize, New Delhi

Death
Being in a coma for almost 3 years, that resulted from a stroke in 2005; Manjit Bawa passed away on 29th December 2008 at his house in New Delhi. He is survived by his son, Ravi, and daughter, Bhawna.

Timeline
1941: Manjit Bawa was born in Dhuri, Punjab.
1958: Started studying at School of Arts, Delhi Polytechnic in New Delhi.
1963: Completed his education.
1964: Went to Britain to study Silk Screen Printing and to work as a Silk Screen Printer.
1967: Finished the diploma in Silk Screen Printing from London School of Printing, Essex and started working as a silk screen printer.
2005: Slipped into coma after a stroke.
2008: Died at the age of 67.

[MysteRy]

Abanindranath Tagore Biography

Born On: August 7, 1871
Born In: Calcutta, West Bengal
Died On: December 5, 1951
Career: Painter, Writer
Nationality: Indian

Born in the family of artists and painters, it was expected that Abanindranath Tagore would continue this legacy. And eventually he did, for the nation got its "Father of India's Modern Art" in the form of Abanindranath Tagore. Nephew of the world-renowned Bengali poet, musician, painter, and playwright Rabindranath Tagore, Abanindranath is celebrated for his attempts of modernizing the Moghul and Rajput styles of art to come up with an Indian touch replacing the Western models. Such was his devotion and affection towards painting that they traveled throughout the world and exhibited on various foreign lands. His modern Indian art saw several more painters being influenced, some of which include the notable and eminent Nandalal Bose, Asit Kumar Halder, Kshitindranath Majumder, Mukul Dey, Manishi Dey, and Jamini Roy.

Early Life
Abanindranath Tagore was born into the distinguished Tagore family. He was born to Gunendranath Tagore, son of Girindranath Tagore, the second son of the famous "Prince" Dwarkanath Tagore, in Jorasanko in Calcutta in British India. His grandfather Girindranath and elder brother Gaganendranath were also prominent painters, who painted portraits and landscapes in the European style. Additionally, Girindranath was a dramatist and musician apart from being just a painter. Born to such a talented and eminent family, Abanindranath himself grew up to excel in painting as well as writing. He attended the Sanskrit College from 1881 to 1889 where he gained interest for painting. As such, he took a few lessons from his classmate Anukul Chatterjee of Bhawanipur. Soon after he left college, he was married off to Suhasini Devi in 1889. Suhasini was the daughter of Bhujagendra Bhusan Chatterjee, a descendant of Prasanna Coomar Tagore. Soon after that, Abanindranath took admission in St. Xavier's College to study English, for one and a half years.

Early Years
At about 25 years of age in 1897, Abanindranath started taking private painting lessons from an Italian artist, Signor Gilhardi, the Vice Principal of the Calcutta Government School of Art. He studied cast drawing, foliage drawing, pastel, and life study. Later, he attended the studio of Charles Palmer, an English painter from England, for three or four years to attain proficiency in oil painting and portraiture. It was during this period that he painted several eminent people in oils and achieved such perfection that he was able to complete a picture in just two hours. He even worked on the Krishna-Lal series, displaying a unique blend of European and Indian styles. The principal of Calcutta School of Art, E.B. Havell, was so impressed by his works that he offered him the post of Vice Principal at the same school. With this, began Abanindranath's journey of mastering several forms of arts and paintings. He studied Mughal and Rajput painting styles under the guidance of Havell.

Later Career
Abanindranath followed his own traditions which were successfully depicted through his paintings. Though the British assumed his views to be spiritual, since they were a common part of British art at that time, several Britishers were sympathetic with his ideas. With this, his philosophies and ideologies started spreading in the West. Thus, began Abanindranath's contact with the outside world, beginning with various Asian artists, such as Chinese and Japanese calligraphic traditions. He learnt Japanese art under the guidance of the distinguished artist Okakura, who had come to India with Swami Vivekananda. Despite returning to Japan, Okakura sent Yokoyama Taikoan and Hilsida Shunso, two other famous Japanese artists, to India to help out Abanindranath in his training. Thus, he established a new national vocabulary in art and helped in regenerating the decadent art and aesthetic scene in India.

During his stint at the Government Art College, Abanindranath made stencil cutting and origami obligatory for students, replacing the once-proudly resting European paintings by Moghul and Rajput paintings on the school wall. Another interesting change that he brought about was the establishment of the department of fine arts. This gave his students an opportunity to meet reputed artists from all around the country and exchange their ideologies and principles. In the year 1907, Abanindranath established 'The Bengal School' and 'Indian School of Oriental Art' to promote his-style of painting at a national level. It was him who brought the modem art movement in Bengal and also proved that Indian artists had their own contribution to make to the world of painting. Later in 1913, Abanindranath was fortunate enough to exhibit his paintings in London and Paris. This further gave way for another painting exhibition in Japan in 1919. Abanindranath created over 500 paintings, some of which are displayed in Rabindra Bharati Society's collection at Jorasanko in Calcutta.

Literary Career
The world does not simply include Abanindranath's name in the list of versatile geniuses; this mastermind made a significant amount of contribution to literature as well in some important branches that declared him as a great litterateur in some time. He worked particularly on children's stories that spoke for themselves. Kshirer Putul, Buro Angla, Raj Kahini, and Sakuntala are some classics that still stimulate young children of Bengal. Other eminent works include Apankatha, Gharoa, Pathe Vipathe, Jorasankor Dhare, Bhutapatri, Nalaka, and Nahush. Abanindranath also penned essays on theories and philosophies of art that earned him great respect and admiration from artists and intellectuals.

Death
Abanindranath Tagore passed away on December 5th in 1951 at the age of 80.

Notable Paintings
Avisarika (1892)
Passing of Shah Jahan (1900)
Buddha and Sujata (1901)
Krishna Lal series (1901 to 1903)
Banished Yaksha (1904)
Summer, from Ritu Sanghar of Kalidasa (1905)
Moonlight Music Party (1906)
The Feast of Lamps (1907)
Kacha and Devajani (1908)
Shah Jahan Dreaming of Taj (1909)
Illustrations of Omar Khayyam (1909)
The Call of the Flute (1910)
Asoka's Queen (1910: painted for her Majesty Queen Mary)
Veena Player (1911)
Aurangzeb examining the head of Dara (1911)
Temple Dancer (1912)
Pushpa-Radha (1912)
Sri Radha by the River Jamuna (1913)
Radhika gazing at the portrait of Sri Krishna (1913)
Moonrise at Mussouri Hills (1916)
Poet's Baul-dance in Falgurni (1916)
Chaitanya with his followers on the sea beach of Puri (1915)
Baba Ganesh (1937)
End of Dalliance (1939)
Birds and Animals series (1915)
The Last Journey (1914)
Tales of Arabian Nights (1928)

Timeline
1871: Abanindranath was born in Jorasanko, Calcutta
1889: Completed school from Sanskrit College and married Suhasini Devi
1890: Took admission in St. Xavier's College
1897: Started private lessons from Signor Gilhardi
1903: Completed the distinguished Krishna Lila series
1907: Established 'The Bengal School' and 'Indian School of Oriental Art'
1913: Exhibited at London and Paris
1919: Exhibited at Japan
1951: Died on 5th December.

[MysteRy]

Nandalal Bose Biography

Born On: December 3, 1882
Born In: Haveli Kharagpur, Bihar
Died On: April 16, 1966
Career: Painter
Nationality: Indian

Highly influenced by renowned artist Abanindranath Tagore, Nandalal Bose gave India its first experience of modern Indian style of painting. With an exemplary touch of renaissance in Indian painting, Nandalal Bose played a significant role in shaping up the modern face of traditional art through his deep thoughts of nationalism, philosophical inclination, awareness of the classical and folk art, all derived from his mentor and guide - Abanindranath Tagore. Apart from Tagore, E.B. Havell (principal of Calcutta Government Art School), Ananda Coomaraswami (famous art critic and historian), and Sister Nivedita (disciple of Swami Vivekananda) helped Bose in his transformation in his later years. Through his discoveries and experiences, he was able to present India with the modern face of art, while keeping the innate, indigenous roots intact.

Early Life
Nandalal Bose was born to Purnachandra Bose and Kshetramani Devi in the obscure town of Haveli Kharagpur in Monghyr district of Bihar Province. His father was the manager of Kharagpur Tehsil of the Raja of Dharbhanga, while his mother was an orthodox woman with great beliefs in God and rituals. Nandalal was the third amongst five children. The eldest was brother Gokulchandra, followed by sister Kiran Bala. He was succeeded by sister Kamala and a younger brother Nimai. Nandalal was fortunate to inherit some of the painting virtues from his parents. While he attained the discipline and a hardworking nature from his father, his mother's interests for drawing and craftsmanship helped him move ahead. Thus, Nandalal gained interest in modeling images since childhood and created images of Durga, Ganesh, elephants, and bulls that were exhibited in fairs and festivals.

Such was Nandalal's fascination for colored pictures that he searched for them in his old books and magazines during his formal education. This drew more attention towards his hobby that was evident from his making sketches instead of taking down notes in school. At 15 years in 1897, Nandalal moved to Calcutta to pursue his higher studies. He took admission in Central Collegiate School and befriended Kantichandra Ghosh, who later became the famous translator of Omar Khayyam. He, later, joined General Assembly College to study for F.A. examination, though his first interest was still art. As expected, Nandalal failed to clear the examination and joined Metropolitan College. To his dismay, he failed to clear the examination this time as well. However, this did not reduce his love for art even a single bit.

Career Life
After marriage, Nandalal was advised by his father-in-law, Prakashchandra Pal, to join Presidency College in 1905 to study commerce. However, he was still unable to concentrate on his studies due to his constant passion for drawing and painting. Not leaving his passion behind, Nandalal learnt model drawings, still life, and sauce painting from his cousin, Atul Mitra. He tried copying paintings of European painters, the most famous being Raphael's "Madonna". He was highly influenced by Raja Ravi Varma's paintings as well. One such example was Nandalal's original painting "Mahasveta", inspired by this great painter. While he was still in search of a mentor, he came across Abanindranath's paintings, "Buddha", "Sujata", and "Bajra-Mukut" that elated Nandalal instantly. He started regarding Tagore as his Guru and thus, worked on similar themes. Too shy to ask Abanindranath to accept him as a disciple, Nandalal took his classmate Satyen, along, whom he entrusted the task of speaking on his behalf. He had also taken with him the paintings that he had made. Not just Abanindranath, E.B. Havell who was present there too was taken aback by the paintings, especially his re-creation of the European painting "Mahasveta".

Flourishing Years
Abanindranath himself was an artist, apart from being just a teacher. Hence, he learned whatever came across from his students. This quality was perfectly absorbed by Nandalal. Though initially, Nandalal was guided by Harinarayan Basu and Iswari Prasad, Abanindranath himself started supervising him later on. At this time, Nandalal was his only student and served as his disciple for five years. He also earned a scholarship of Rs. 12. Abanindranath emphasized highly on the mythological stories of Ramayana and Mahabharatha. But Nandalal was extremely impressed by Buddha's and Bethala Panchavimshathi's stories. One such highly acclaimed work was "Sati". He accepted the modern western techniques of painting and portraiture, such as stained glass, gesso work, frescoes painting, and stencil cutting and printing. Nandalal, along with Surendranath Ganguly, was very close to his master Abanindranath, who proudly declared the two guys as his right and left hand. In 1907, the Indian Society of Oriental Art was formed by some English enthusiasts of Indian culture and few Indian artists and scholars. In an exhibition organized by the association, Nandalal displayed his two works "Sati and Siva" and "Sati". He was awarded a cash prize of Rs. 500 which he utilized for touring the entire nation, along with another artist, Priyanatha Sinha. Both of them visited Gaya, Banaras, Agra, Delhi, Mathura, and Brindavan. He was a common man's artist and wanted every person to have his painting in their homes. On his trip to Banupur, he sketched a number of pictures and sold each for 4 annas (25 paise). On discovering this act, Abanindranath went to Banupur and purchased the entire lot.

Association With Sister Nivedita
Apart from Abanindranath Tagore and E.B. Havell, Nandalal was highly inspired by Sister Nivedita as well, who was a dedicated disciple of Swami Vivekananda. Her initial training in painting was an insight for Indian culture that touched Nandalal to a great extent. She visited Calcutta with Jagdishchandra Bose to see Nandalal's paintings and was highly moved. She advised him to make paintings of Ajanta Frescoes. He went to Gwalior, assisted by Venkatappa Halder and Samarendra Gupta, and made copies of the frescoes. On her death, Nandalal stated "I have lost my guardian angel. I was introduced to Ramakrishna and Vivekananda by her".

Association with Rabindranath Tagore
Nandalal Bose drew inspiration from Rabindranath Tagore as well, who in turn was highly impressed by Nandalal's works. As such, Nandalal sketched many of Tagore's works, like "Chayanika", "Crescent Moon", "Gitanjali", and "Fruit Gathering". He became the principal of Kala Bhavan (Art Department) at Shantiniketan in 1922. He used to prepare the stage for Tagore's plays. Both traveled to China, Japan, Malaya, and Burma in 1924. The two visited Ceylon ten years later in 1934.

Honors
Nandalal Bose was bestowed with several awards and accolades. He was conferred with the title "Deshikottama" by Vishvabharati University. He was honored with the Silver Jubilee Medal by the Academy of Fine Arts in Calcutta. It was during those years that the Government of India started the awards of "Padma Shri", "Padma Bhushan", "Padma Vibhushan", and "Bharat Ratna". Jawaharlal Nehru asked Nandalal Bose to design the emblem of these awards. In the year 1954, he was honored with the Padma Vibhushan award. He was the second artist to be elected as the Fellow of the Lalit Kala Akademi (India's National Academy of Art) in 1956. Later in 1965, the Asiatic Society of Bengal presented him with the Tagore Birth Cenetary Medal.

Personal Life
Nandalal Bose was married to 12-year old young girl, Sudhira Devi in 1903. The match was fixed by Nandalal's mother Kshetramani Devi during childhood who promised Sudhira Devi's mother to marry her as her future daughter-in-law. Though his mother passed away, the promise was fulfilled. His first daughter, Gauri, was born in 1907-08 who brought in good luck to Nandalal's life in terms of monetary aspects.

Death
Nandalal Bose's health started deteriorating in his old age and he gave up all hopes of physical powers. Even his mental illness started playing hide and seek with him. Towards the end, he was unable to recollect faces ever. Bose breathed his last on April 16, 1966. Condolences poured in from people all over on the demise of a master artist.

Timeline
1882: Was born in Haveli Kharagpur, Monghyr district, Bihar
1897: Took admission in Central Collegiate School, Calcutta
1903: Married Sudhira Devi
1905: Entered Presidency College
1906: Visited Abanindranath Tagore
1907: Awarded Rs. 500 for "Sati" at Indian Society of Oriental Art exhibition
1907-08: Daughter Gauri was born
1922: Became Principal of Kala Bhavan at Shantiniketan
1924: Toured China, Japan, Malaya, and Burma with Rabindranath Tagore
1954: Was honored with Padma Vibhushan Award
1956: Elected as Fellow of the Lalit Kala Akademi
1965: Conferred upon with Tagore Birth Cenetary Medal
1966: Passed away at the age of 82 years in Calcutta

[MysteRy]

Bikash Bhattacharjee Biography

Born On: June 21, 1940
Born In: Kolkata, West Bengal
Died On: December 18, 2006
Career: Painter, Teacher
Nationality: Indian

Bikash Bhattacharjee, holder of two of the most prestigious awards: National Award and Padma Shri amongst many others, is a renowned Indian painter known for his spectacular depiction of reality as well as surrealism. Despite being born in Kolkata struck amidst a political turmoil and losing his father at an early age didn’t stop him from discovering his true calling. Supported by his mother, a lifelong friend in Katayun Saklat (his classmate), and Arun Basu (his college teacher), who sharpened his existing talent, Bikash brought out the very best in him. His remarkable quality of portraying real life objects onto the canvas with an immaculate exactness had the experts and audience stunned to their senses alike. Over the years, he even took up a role as a teacher and continued the same for more than a decade. His paintings reflected the life of average middle-class Bengali - their aspirations, superstitions, hypocrisy and corruption, and even the violence that is rife to Kolkata.

Early Life
Bikash Bhattacharjee was born on 21st June, 1940 in North Calcutta, in a politically turbulent West Bengal. Having lost his father at the age of 6, it wasn’t exactly easy growing up with crumbling riches of his household and Hindu-Muslim riots that led to the partition of Bengal and eventually, to national independence. Having seen pretty much everything which children of this age aren’t ideally supposed to be seeing, agonizing sights of huge masses flooded over railway stations and even deaths during the post independence traumatic era, Bikash had developed a deep sense of insecurity and empathy for the underprivileged. One day as usual, strolling down the dark neighborhood lanes in search of something unknown, he came across a sit-and-draw competition and apparently became the first runner up in it. Encouraged by his mother, it quickly dawned on him where his future lied and in pursuit of it Bikash joined Indian College of Art and Draftsmanship in 1958 and completed it in 1963, with a diploma in fine arts. A year later, he became a member of the Society of Contemporary Artists.

Career
Despite a teaching career of more than a decade: 4 years at Indian College of Art and Draftsmanship and 9 years at Government College of Art & Craft; it was Bikash’s surreal painting career that made him a name he is today. Coming face to face with harsh realities at an early childhood; he possessed an exceptional grasp over depicting objects and people the way they appeared in real life: a quality that remained his strong suit till the end. Bikash always thought of himself as an incurable optimist and the same could not keep itself from being manifested in the way he drew. In addition to this, inclusion of feminine beauty with a balance of spiritualism and sensuality in quite a lot of his work was evidence to his preoccupation to the same.

Bikash had tasted success early on during his painting career with the Doll series, followed by the Durga series. It was in the year 1965 that his solo exhibition was held at Kolkata. Along with the paintings depicting hyper-realism, he was also exceptional in portrait paintings and it’s visible in his paintings of other artists like Rabindra Nath Tagore, Satyajit Ray, Samaresh Babu, and Indira Gandhi. He also created painted illustrations for a novel on the life of Ramkinker Baij. Indian recognition wasn’t all he got; as his works even gained an international audience when they were exhibited across the countries and cities like Paris, London, New York, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary. It was his unrestrictive quality to work with an array of mediums like oil on canvas and board, tempera paint, pastels, water colors, crayons, and pencils and blending in realism with surrealism that gave him mastery over the art.

Last Days
It was in 2000 that Bikash suffered a cerebral attack that left him paralyzed, unable to paint. On 18th December 2006, he passed away following a prolonged illness. He is survived by his wife Parbati, a son and a daughter.

Famous Paintings
Fantasy Show
Doll Series
Cupboard
The Visitor
The Trap
Durga Series

Awards & Honors
Academy of Fine Arts Award, Calcutta (1962)
National Award, Lalit Kala Akademi, New Delhi (1971)
Birla Academy of Art and Culture, Calcutta, National Award, Lalit Kala Akademi, New Delhi (1972)
Banga Ratna (1987)
Padma Shri (1988)
Shiromani Purashkar (1989)
Nivedita Purashkar, Ramkrishna Vivekananda Ashram (1990)
Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship (2003)

Timeline
1940: Bikash Bhattacharjee was born.
1963: Graduated from Indian College of Art and Draftsmanship.
1964: Became a member of the society of Contemporary Artists.
1965: His first solo exhibition was held at Kolkata.
1968-72: Taught at Indian College of Art and Draftsmanship.
1973-82: Taught at the Government College of Art and Craft.
2000: A cerebral attack had left him paralyzed.
2006: Died at the age of 66.

[MysteRy]

Binod Behari Mukherjee Biography

Born On: February 7, 1904
Born In: Behala, Kolkata
Died On: November 11, 1980
Career: Artist
Nationality: Indian

"The person who is not roused by a pulsating image, a small touch or sound, can make no sense of the word 'beauty'. A person who neither knows, nor thinks beyond his worldly needs has no use for beauty."
For someone who spent a majority of his life with weak sight and finally became blind at the age of 50 to produce such an enviable body of works in the field of art and literature, not getting deterred by disability, is the very personification of the above mentioned quote, a quote which he once wrote aptly describes him as someone who understands beauty and life, for the works of Binod Behari Mukherjee are themselves representation of beauty and life in all its forms. His work had always overflowed the banks of tradition and were based on his experience and understanding of nature. His murals, which display his understanding and the essence of environmental and architectural nuances, make him one of the stalwarts of Indian visual arts movement.

Childhood And Early Life
Binod Behari Mukherjee was born into a highly literate family in the year 1904. During his childhood, he suffered from an illness that affected his vision, making him blind in one eye and myopic in the other. As such, he was not able to pursue systematic education and instead, had to complete his schooling from a Brahmacharya Ashram. But he developed a passion for painting and in order to hone his talent, he, in 1919, joined Santiniketan’s Kala Bhavan for a Diploma in Fine Arts, where Nandalal Bose and Rabindranath Tagore were his gurus, with the former being his art teacher. Mukherjee excelled in painting, a talent that was recognized and encouraged by his teachers. In 1925, he became an art teacher himself at the same institution and taught till 1949, inspiring many students, who would later become celebrated artists like Jahar Dasgupta, K.G. Subramanyan, sculptor & printmaker Somnath Hore, designer Riten Majumdar and filmmaker Satyajit Ray. During this period, along with teaching, Mukherjee also began painting and sculpting extensively, proving this to be one of his most creative periods.

Later Life
Mukherjee also began to travel widely to understand and experience the various forms of nature. In 1949, he was invited to the position of a curator of the Nepal government museum which he accepted. During his stay in Nepal, Mukherjee did a series of drawings and watercolors that captured the rich art of the kingdom. After his return from Nepal in 1951, he taught at the Banasthali Vidyapith, a women’s educational center in Rajasthan for a year after finally, settling in Missouri in 1952, along with his wife Leela. Together, they started an art training school over there to provide training to artists and art teachers. The verdant mountains of the Himalayas inspired him to make landscape his major subject once again, creating works that captured the transient aspect of nature with mountains and mists being the dominant motifs. In 1958, Mukherjee joined Shantiniketan’s Kala Bhavan again as a faculty and later became its principal. All these years, his eyesight was gradually failing and following an eye operation in 1956, Mukherjee completely lost his sight at the age of 52. But as with all great artists, physical disabilities couldn’t stop him from his creative pursuits, even if it was the eyesight, perhaps the most important tool of an artist. But here he proved that it is the inner vision that makes a great artist and he began to paint, draw and sculpt depending only upon this quality to see from the “inner eye”.

Works
At Shantiniketan, Mukherjee developed a style that veered away from overt symbolism of literary subjects and mythological descriptions to portraying simple representations of his surroundings, capturing the landscape and life in and around the university. He gave more importance to color, line and texture. His sketches, watercolors and drawings were a celebration of life. Apart from nature, Mukherjee took his inspiration from Chinese and Japanese art as well. During this time, he also began experimenting with mural paintings, which he felt were more expressive as murals were intricate and descriptive, allowing him to present his view of life more comprehensively. In 1940, Mukherjee painted a mural in the ceiling of the hostel dormitory, which is considered to be the first of his significant murals. This mural represented the landscape and essence of local villages that had been presented, as a critic puts it, in a “continuous web of intricate images and unfolds it around the central pond to the four corners of the ceiling, constantly shifting the perspective and focus of the viewer”.

With time, Mukherjee adopted different media to work on from sketches, calligraphy and watercolors at the start to tempera on wood and then gradually moving on to silk, textile block prints and finally, moving onto paper cuts. After losing his eyesight, he also started to write, taking the activity more seriously than before, writing about his experiences, history of art education and a series of incisive studies. The latter was published posthumously as a book. But the book that brought him fame as a writer in Bengali was 'Chitrakor’ published in 1979, a collection of autobiographical pieces. 'Chitrakor’ was landmark work of literature that won two awards in 1980, namely the Rabindra Puraskar and the Bhartiya Bhasha Parishad Award. Satyajit Ray who considered Binod Behari Mukherjee his mentor and inspiration was so impressed by the latter’s paper cut works called 'The Inner Eye’, that he made a small documentary on this work with the same title in the year 1973. This documentary was instrumental in bring the works of Binod Behari to a wider audience.

Honors And Awards
Vishva Bharti University recognizing his contribution in the fields of arts and literature, in the year 1977, awarded Mukherjee the honorary doctorate degree. He was also honored with Padma Vibhushan in 1974, India’s second highest civilian award. In the year 1980, he was also bestowed with the Rabindra Puraskar and the Bhartiya Bhasha Parishad Award for his work 'Chitrakor’.

Death
The legendary painter of Indian modern art, Binod Behari Mukherjee left for the heavenly abode in 1980, at the age of 76. Despite being visually impaired, Mukherjee was never withheld by his inability to see and went on to create some of the most exquisite works that we cherish till date. 

Timeline
1904: Binod Behari Mukherjee was born.
1919: Joined Shantiniketan for a diploma in Fine Arts.
1925: Joined his alma mater as a faculty.
1949: Became the curator of the Nepal government museum.
1951: Started to teach at the Banasthali Vidyapith.
1952: Started an art training school in Missouri.
1956: Lost his eyesight after an operation.
1958: Joined the faculty of Shantiniketan.
1973: Satyajit Ray made a documentary on Mukherjee’s work “The Inner Eye”.
1974: Received Padma Vibhushan.
1977: Was awarded honorary doctorate degree.
1979: Published the autobiographical 'Chitrakor’.
1980: Awarded two literary prizes; passed away at the age of 76.

[MysteRy]

B. C. Sanyal Biography

Born On: April 22, 1901
Born In: Dhubri, Assam, India
Died On: August 9, 2003
Career: Painter, Sculptor, Art Teacher
Nationality: Indian

Bhabesh Chandra Sanyal, better known to us as B. C. Sanyal, is considered to have ushered in the era of modernism in Indian art. A painter, a sculptor and a teacher of art to three generations of artists, B. C. Sanyal lived through the different partitions that India went through in 1905, 1947 and 1971. This was also the time when art in India experienced several developments, Bhabesh Chandra Sanyal playing an important role in bringing about these developments. B. C. Sanyal was raised by his mother and he often referred to her as his mother as the chief inspiration in his life and career as an artist. He shifted base to Delhi from Assam after India's independence and remained in the Indian capital for the rest of his life.

Childhood and Education
Bhabesh Chandra Sanyal was born on April 22, 1901 in the town of Dhubri in Assam. Though he was only a little child, he did experience and also understood the sentiments attached with the Partition of Bengal in the year 1905. Soon after, tragedy struck the Sanyal family when his father died when B. C. Sanyal was only six years of age. His mother had to raise young Sanyal single handedly, which she did efficiently. In her leisure time, she used to give in to her hobby of making dolls which was from where the sculptor in him was born. Sanyal enrolled at the Government College of Art & Craft in Calcutta, where he took training under J P Ganguly and Percy Brown. At the age of 19 in the year 1920, Sanyal became a student of the Serampore College of Art and it was in this institution that he spent the next six years of his life, first learning painting and then becoming a teacher of painting and sculpture. It was B C Sanyal's personal distinct style of art which caught the attention of his peers and teachers.

Early Career
B. C. Sanyal was a teacher of art and sculpture at the Serampore College of Art from 1920 to 1926. His career got a fresh start in the year 1929 when a Punjabi firm named Krishna Plaster Works appointed Sanyal in their team traveling to Lahore. He was given the task to mould a bust of India's hero in the freedom struggle Lala Lajpat Rai prior to the beginning of the Lahore session of the Indian National Congress. After his work with Krishna Plaster Works came to an end, Sanyal stayed back in Lahore and took up employment at the Mayo School of Arts in Lahore. After teaching art for a few years, he went on to become the vice principal of the Mayo School, a position that he held till 1936. Though he did not want to do it, Sanyal was forced to resign from the vice principal's post at Mayo School of Arts and leave the institution in the year 1936 when differences arose between him and British authorities who controlled the Mayo School.

Some of Sanyal's prominent students from Mayo School of Arts were Krishnen Khanna and Satish Gujral who went on to become prominent figures of the art world during the modernism of post independence art and sculpture. Though he left the institution, Sanyal did not leave Lahore immediately. Rather, he set up a studio which also functioned as a school within the premises of the Forman Christian College and named it the Lahore College of Art. A few years later, the premises of the Lahore College of Art was shifted to the famous Dayal Singh Mansions of the city, after Sanyal received positive response and a huge turnout of the most popular artistes when he organized an exhibition in the basement of the building. Sanyal remained as the teacher at the Lahore College of Art till India's independence in 1947, after which he permanently migrated to Delhi.

Career after India's Independence
After 1947, Sanyal left Lahore and settled with his wife Snelata in Delhi. His place of work, the 26 Gole Market area of Delhi soon became famous as the hub for established artists and students of art in the city. Sanyal set up the Delhi Shilpi Chakra in Gole Market in association with other friends from the world of art. The group was influential in bringing about a much needed change in the type of contemporary art produced from not only Delhi but also from several places across North India. From the year 1949, Sanyal participated in a number of programs across the world, from the Salon de Mai in Paris in 1949, to the Venice Biennale in 1953. He returned to India to join as the professor of art in Delhi Polytechnic the same year. After the completion of his term in Delhi Polytechnic, Sanyal joined the All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society (AIFACS) and became the secretary of the Lalit Kala Akademi (LKA) from 1960 to 1969. After 1969, Sanyal was appointed the vice chairman of the Lalit Kala Akademi.

Sanyal loved watercolors and oil paintings and the better part of his works are in either of the two. 'The Veiled Figure', drawn in memory of his mother was a path-breaking success. Other important works by Sanyal were 'Way to Peace', The Flying Scarecrow', 'Despair' and 'Cow Herd'. He portrayed the lives of the underprivileged and the downtrodden of the society in his works of art. The simple human life and the struggles that mankind had to engage in for living were his most preferred themes in painting. The works of Sanyal is presently housed at the National Gallery of Modern Art in New Delhi. Apart from painting and sculpture, Sanyal also acted in a film titled 'Dance of the Wind' in 1997. During the later stages of life, Sanyal traveled to Himachal Pradesh and settled there for a while in an attempt to set up the Andretta artists' resort and the Nora Center for the Arts in the resort. He was so involved in the project along with friend Norah Richards that he started exhibitions and sale of his own paintings to raise money for the purpose.

Awards and Recognition
Bhabesh Chandra Sanyal's genius was recognized by the Indian government which awarded him duly. The painter, sculptor and art teacher received a number of awards towards the later part of his career:
Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship for lifetime achievement by the National Academy of Fine Arts in India in the year 1980.
The Padma Bhushan in 1984.
An honorary citizenship of Baltimore from the US government in the year 1989.
Gagan Abani Puraskar by Visva Bharati University in 1993.
Sankar Dev Award by government of Assam in 1999.
Special postage stamp issued by Indian government to observe the centenary year of B C Sanyal’s birth in 2000.
IGNCA, New Delhi released a DVD on B. C. Sanyal along with Elizabeth Brunner in Great Masters on April 22, 2001.
Special exhibition with more than 170 artistes participating was organized onApril 22, 2001 by IGNCA as part of the centenary birthday celebrations of B C Sanyal.

Death
Bhabesh Chandra Sanyal died on August 9, 2003 in New Delhi aged 103. He remained active till the last years of his life practicing lithography even at the age of 101. It was a minor short term illness that took away B. C. Sanyal's life in the year 2003. The artist was survived by his wife Snelata and their daughter Amba Sanyal.

Timeline
1901: Bhabesh Chandra Sanyal was born on April 22.
1920: Joined the Serampore College of Art and stayed for six years first as student and then as a teacher.
1929: Got employment with Krishna Plaster Works.
1936: Dismissed from the Mayo School of Arts in Lahore by British.
1947: Set up the Delhi Shilpi Chakra in New DEelhi.
1949: Conducted an exhibition at the Salon de Mai in Paris.
1953: Participated in the Venice Biennale.
1953: Became a professor and head of department of art in Delhi Polytechnic.
1960: Became a member of the All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society and secretary of the Lalit Kala Akademi.
1980: Awarded the Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship.
1984: Awarded the Padma Bhushan.
1989: Became an honorary citizen of Baltimore, US.
1993: Awarded the Gagan Abani Puraskar by Visva Bharati University.
1997: Turned actor with 'Dance of the Wind'.
1999: Bestowed with Sankar Dev Award by government of Assam.
2000: Postage stamp released by Indian government to celebrate 100 year's of B C Sanyal's birth.
2001: IGNCA, New Delhi organized special exhibition to honor birth centenary on April 22.
2001: IGNCA released DVD on B. C. Sanyal and Elizabeth Brunner.
2003: B. C. Sanyal died on August 9.